Investigations

Ottawa knee rules for X-ray: used especially to rule out a fracture

• Unable to bear weight immediately post-injury
• Cannot take 4 steps during consultation
• Age >55
• Direct tenderness over the patella
• Tenderness over the fibular head
• Unable to flex the knee 90 degrees

Special tests:

• ACL: anterior drawer, Lachman’s, pivot shift tests
• PCL: posterior drawer, sag test, quadriceps active test
• Meniscal: McMurray’s, Thessaly, Apley’s tests
• Patellar: Apprehension test
• MCL: Valgus stress test
• LCL: Varus stress test