Calcium Channel Blockers
Dihydropyridines (e.g., Amlodipine, Nifedipine)
Absolute Contraindications
- Severe aortic stenosis
Main Side Effects
- Peripheral oedema
- Flushing, headache
- Palpitations
Main Interactions
- Grapefruit juice (increases plasma concentration)
Main Monitoring Requirements
- Blood pressure
Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
- Generally considered safe
Non-Dihydropyridines (e.g., Verapamil, Diltiazem)
Absolute Contraindications
- Heart block (without pacemaker)
- Severe left ventricular dysfunction
Main Side Effects
- Bradycardia, heart block
- Constipation (verapamil)
Main Interactions
- Beta blockers (risk of severe bradycardia)
Main Monitoring Requirements
- Heart rate and ECG (if indicated)
Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
- Generally avoided; limited evidence