ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS

ETIOLOGY

• Plaque-associated: bacterial plaque accumulation – Multiple causes, including:
• Hormonal: pregnancy, puberty
• Haematological: leukaemia
• Allergic reactions
• Drug-induced: phenytoin, cyclosporine, calcium channel blockers
• Viral: HSV (hepatic gingivostomatitis in children)
• Autoimmune: lichen planus, pemphigoid, pemphigus
• HIV
• Vascular disorders
• Hepatic failure

RISK FACTORS

• Poor dental hygiene
• Smoking
• Diabetes mellitus