CARDIOLOGY

Curriculum

40 Sections
111 Lessons
10 Weeks

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CARDIOVASCULAR RISK ASSESSMENT & PREVENTION
3
- 1.1
  DEFINITION,PREVALENCE & RISK FACTORS
- 1.2
  ADDITIONAL COMORBIDITIES THAT INCREASE THE RISK OF CVD, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 1.3
  TREATMENT PLAN & KEY INFORMATION
SMOKING CESSATION
3
- 2.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE & ETIOLOGY
- 2.2
  RISK FACTORS, SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 2.3
  TREATMENT PLAN & PROGNOSIS
LIPID MODIFICATION & CVD PREVENTION
2
- 3.1
  DEFINITION, RISK FACTORS
- 3.2
  SIGNIFICANT RESULTS REQUIRING ACTION, TREATMENT PLAN
FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA
4
- 4.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE & RISK FACTORS
- 4.2
  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 4.3
  TREATMENT PLAN, CONTRAINDICATIONS – FOR STATINS
- 4.4
  PROGNOSIS & KEY INFORMATION
HTN
3
- 5.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE & ETIOLOGY
- 5.2
  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 5.3
  TREATMENT PLAN, KEY INFORMATION & EXTRA’S
HTN IN PREGNANCY
3
- 6.1
  DEFINITION, ETIOLOGY & PREVALENCE
- 6.2
  RISK FACTORS, SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- 6.3
  INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS, REFERRAL CRITERIA & TREATMENT PLAN
T1DM
3
- 7.1
  Definition, PREVALENCE & ETIOLOGY
- 7.2
  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT PLAN
- 7.3
  PROGNOSIS, KEY INFORMATION, EXTRA’S
T2DM
4
- 8.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE, ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS
- 8.2
  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 8.3
  TREATMENT PLAN
- 8.4
  PROGNOSIS & KEY INFORMATION
ANGINA
3
- 9.1
  DEFINITION, ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS
- 9.2
  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT PLAN
- 9.3
  KEY INFORMATION, EXTRA’S
CHEST PAIN
2
- 10.1
  DEFINITION, ETIOLOGY
- 10.2
  INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT PLAN
CARDIAC ARREST – BLS
• Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: ~60,000 cases/year, <10% survival rate • Early defibrillation (3-5 mins): increases survival by 50-70%
1
- 11.1
  Initial Assessment
POST MI – SECONDARY PREVENTION
2
- 12.1
  DEFINITION, TREATMENT PLAN
- 12.2
  FLYING RESTRICTIONS, DRIVING RESTRICTIONS & PROGNOSIS
TIA & STROKES 8
4
- 13.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENC, ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS
- 13.2
  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- 13.3
  COMPLICATIONS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 13.4
  TREATMENT PLAN, KEY INFORMATION
BLACKOUTS & SYNCOPE
3
- 14.1
  BLACKOUTS & SYNCOPE, PREVALENCE, ETIOLOGY
- 14.2
  SPECIFIC ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION CAUSES
- 14.3
  INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
AAA
3
- 15.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE & ETIOLOGY
- 15.2
  RISK FACTORS, SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 15.3
  TREATMENT PLAN, SCREENING, PROGNOSIS
PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE
3
- 16.1
  DEFINITION, ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS
- 16.2
  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 16.3
  TREATMENT PLAN
BREATHLESSNESS
EMERGENCY ACTION: - If SpO2 <94% (not baseline): give oxygen and call 999.
2
- 17.1
  DURATION CATEGORIES, CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES
- 17.2
  KEY CLINICAL FEATURES Acute
DVT
3
- 18.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE, RISK FACTORS
- 18.2
  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 18.3
  TREATMENT PLAN, PROGNOSIS, TRAVEL ADVICE
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
4
- 19.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE & ETIOLOGY
- 19.2
  RISK FACTOR, SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- 19.3
  INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT PLAN
- 19.4
  PROGNOSIS, KEY INFORMATION & EXTRA’S
COMPRESSION STOCKINGS
2
- 20.1
  DEFINITION, ETIOLOGY & INDICATIONS
- 20.2
  INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT PLAN, APPLICATION GUIDELINES
VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY
2
- 21.1
  DEFINITION, ETIOLOGY & SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- 21.2
  INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT PLAN
SUPERFICIAL VEIN THROMBOSIS
3
- 22.1
  DEFINITION, ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS
- 22.2
  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, COMPLICATIONS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 22.3
  TREATMENT PLAN , PROGNOSIS & KEY INFORMATION
VARICOSE VEINS
3
- 23.1
  DEFINITION, ETIOLOGY & RISK FACTORS
- 23.2
  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT PLAN
- 23.3
  PROGNOSIS, KEY INFORMATION & EXTRA’S
ANTICOAGULANT’S
3
- 24.1
  DEFINITION & INDICATIONS
- 24.2
  RISK FACTORS, MONITORING
- 24.3
  TREATMENT PLAN
ANTI-PLATELETS
3
- 25.1
  DEFINITION, ETIOLOGY, RISK FACTORS
- 25.2
  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT PLAN
- 25.3
  KEY INFORMATION, EXTRA’S
HEART FAILURE
4
- 26.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE, ETIOLOGY
- 26.2
  RISK FACTORS, SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 26.3
  TREATMENT PLAN
- 26.4
  PROGNOSIS, KEY INFORMATION, MEDICATION
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITITS
3
- 27.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE & ETIOLOGY
- 27.2
  RISK FACTORS, SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 27.3
  TREATMENT PLAN, KEY INFORMATION
RheumaDc fever, MyocardiDs & PericardiDs
3
- 28.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE, ETIOLOGY
- 28.2
  RISK FACTORS, SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 28.3
  TREATMENT PLAN, PROGNOSIS, KEY INFORMATION & EXTRA’S
CARDIOMYOPATHY
3
- 29.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE, ETIOLOGY
- 29.2
  INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT PLAN
- 29.3
  SCREENING PROTOCOLS, PROGNOSIS & KEY INFORMATION
Valve diseases & other structural abnormalities
2
- 30.1
  Heart Murmurs
- 30.2
  Valvular Diseases
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
4
- 31.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE, ETIOLOGY
- 31.2
  RISK FACTORS, SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 31.3
  TREATMENT PLAN
- 31.4
  COMPLICATIONS, EXTRAS
ECG’S
1
- 32.1
  ECG Interpretation Cheat Sheet
PALPITATIONS
3
- 33.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE & ETIOLOGY
- 33.2
  RISK FACTORS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 33.3
  TREATMENT PLAN, PROGNOSIS & KEY INFORMATION
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD)
3
- 34.1
  DEFINITION, COMMON CAUSES
- 34.2
  CLINICAL FEATURES OF CKD PROGRESSION, INVESTIGATIONS:
- 34.3
  MONITORING, MANAGEMENT, COMPLICATIONS TO MONITOR FOR:
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION 26
2
- 35.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE, ETIOLOGY
- 35.2
  INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT PLAN
PMR & GCA
4
- 36.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE & ETIOLOGY
- 36.2
  RISK FACTORS, SIGNS & SYMPTOMS PMR, GCA
- 36.3
  INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT PLAN PMR
- 36.4
  PROGNOSIS, KEY INFORMATION
RAYNOUD’S
3
- 37.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE, ETIOLOGY
- 37.2
  RISK FACTORS, SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
- 37.3
  INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT PLAN
VARICOCELE
3
- 38.1
  DEFINITION, PREVALENCE, ETIOLOGY
- 38.2
  RISK FACTORS, SIGNS & SYMPTOMS, INVESTIGATIONS & DIAGNOSIS
- 38.3
  TREATMENT PLAN, PROGNOSIS, KEY INFORMATION, EXTRA’S
TIREDNESS & FATIGUE IN ADULTS
2
- 39.1
  DEFINITION, ETIOLOGY
- 39.2
  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Flash Card
0

TREATMENT PLAN, KEY INFORMATION & EXTRA’S

TREATMENT PLAN

Stage 1 hypertension:

<40yrs: consider specialist assessment to rule out secondary causes
<60yrs + QRISK <10%: lifestyle advice, consider medication
<80yrs + QRISK >10%, target organ damage, CVD, renal disease, diabetes: lifestyle advice, discuss medication
>80yrs + BP >150/90: lifestyle advice, consider medication

Stage 2 hypertension:

Lifestyle advice + drug treatment
<40yrs: secondary care referral

First-line medications:

<55yrs/CKD/diabetes: ACE inhibitor
>55yrs/Black African: calcium channel blocker
Progress to triple therapy if needed
Fourth-line: consider spironolactone (if K+ <4.5) or alpha/beta blockers

Severe hypertension (>180/120):

Same-day assessment if: papilledema or retinal haemorrhage (accelerated hypertension), life-threatening symptoms or suspected pheochromocytoma
Assess organ damage ASAP
Start medication if organ damage present
If no organ damage: Review clinically within 7 days +/- ABPM/HBPM MONITORING

Annual BP checks BP targets:

<80yrs: <140/90 clinical, 135/85 ABPM/HBPM
>80yrs: <150/90 clinical, <145/85 ABPM/HBPM
Type 1 diabetes: <135/85
Type 2 diabetes: <140/80
Diabetic complications: <130/80
CKD (ACR <70): <140/90
CKD with diabetes/ACR >70: <130/80
TIA/stroke: systolic <130, Carotid stenosis: systolic 140-150

KEY INFORMATION

Always check both arms
Consider secondary causes, especially in <40yrs
Urgent assessment needed for BP >180/120 – Different BP targets for different conditions
Regular monitoring essential
specific lifestyle advice: 150 min/wk moderate intensity exercise, aerobic exercise (30 to 60 minutes x3/wk), weight reduction, reduce alcohol intake (<14U/wk), salt intake reduction (aim 4.4g/day)

EXTRA’S

Consider postural BP measurements in: