Etiology & Risk Factors
Etiology
- Voiding symptoms: BPH, antimuscarinic drugs, prostate/bladder cancer, urethral strictures, phimosis, diabetic autonomic neuropathy
- Storage symptoms: detrusor overactivity (75%), stress incontinence, nocturnal polyuria
- Post-micturition: bladder floor muscle weakness, bladder outlet/neck obstruction
- Acute retention: BPH, active bladder/prostate cancer, constipation, infections, renal stones, spinal/neurological trauma, urethral strictures
Risk Factors
Primary:
- Increased age Modifiable:
- Diet
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Metabolic syndrome
- Low physical activity